Identity: defined as the view of self. Could be affected by nature and nurture, other's perception of you, plus your own concept of yourself. Usually broken down into two parts: self concept and ego identity. Self Concept: The framework for our own life experiences. This is active and capable of change including multiple representations of self, which is acting differently around different people. FREUD -Believed that a person's identity was divided into three parts: ID, ego, and super ego.
Freud's 5 stages of Psychosexual Development Oral: stage is during infancy where the child is fixated on pleasure through the mouth. This is why babies put everything in their mouth. Anal: Toddler age children begin focusing on their bladder and anal areas. Children in this stage are beginning potty training, and develop the knowledge that they have control over their bladder. Phallic: Occurs in Early Childhood when children begin focusing on genitalia. This is when children learn the difference between girls and boys. Latency: Occurs in middle childhood and focuses on academic achievement. Freud believed this is the asexual stage in a child's life. Genital: Occurs in adolescence where the fixation is again on the genitalia. However, this time it is more focused on reproduction. Psychosocial Theory Theorist: Erikson Basic Trust vs Mis Trust This stage is from birth until 18 months. An infant depends on a care giver for every need they have. During this stage the infant gets extremely attached to the caregiver and will get anxiety when the caregiver is out of sight. However, if the caregiver goes away and the infant doesn't get distressed this means the infant has developed secure attachment. The infant tends to develop trusting relationships with caregivers when all of their needs are met. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt A child goes through this stage during their toddler years. This is the time when children are learning to control their own bodies. This is when children begin potty training. Initiative vs guilt Takes place when the child is 3-5 years old. Children use adults as models and begin. The child usually becomes more independent during this stage. Industry vs Inferiority Children in this age vary from 6-12 years old. They tend to question things they have learned this far in life & begin to separate their ideas from their family beliefs. If individuals fail to make it through this stage then they tend to have a hard time choosing career for themselves later in life. Indentity vs Identity Confusion People are 12-18 years old during this stage. This stage is where puberty begins. They tend to separate from their friends and become their own person during this stage. Intimacy vs Isolation 18-35 in this stage people are ready to unite their identities with someone else. Ready to enter a relationship. This is the stage where people become less obsessed with having sex then in other stages in their life. Generativity vs Stagnation People in this stage tend to try to make their life count for something. 35-55/65 Integrity vs despair 55/65- Death- This is when people begin to think back on their life and try to accept the life they have lived. Relating Identity Back To Me
As a baby, I never would take a pacifier but I always wanted my bottle even when I was way too old for a bottle. In elementary school, I would find myself chewing on the sleeve to my shirt as well as the collar to my shirt. Looking back on it, I believe that I am stuck in the oral fixation stage. Today, I still chew on my pens, chew gum or ice all the time. Relating Identity to Occupational Therapy One may find they are struggling with identity issues, which may in turn lead to depression, addiction, or even suicide. Occupational Therapy offers a place in which clients/patients may discuss the issues related to their identity which may in turn help reduce their depression, help them find new coping methods to help deal with their identity issues, and ultimately help them find themselves in the process. Stitt, R.L. (2014). Identity. In Winsor, D., Murrell, V.S., & Magun-Jackson, S. (Eds.) Lifespan Development: An Educational Psychology Perspective (2nd ed)(Chapter 7).
Vygotsky
Vygotsky believed that as humans we are all about our culture, then that impacts our language, which then impacts our thoughts. This all adds up to impact our development. Vygotsky theorized inner speech and private speech. Private speech is language used to think through problems and learn new skills. Inner speech comes with further development. It internalized the dialogue of private speech so that problems and skills are talked through in thought. Check out the link below to learn more about private speech https://youtu.be/XuDeh_raBx Piaget is known for his theory of adaptation through assimilation and accommodation. He developed the idea of thought structure organized into schema. Individuals balance from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium through adaption. He categorized cognitive development into 4 categories: (SEE TABLE 5.1) Piaget believed these stages of development are discontinuous, irreversible, and universal for every child everywhere. Children with special needs sometimes can be on lower stages physically and/or cognitively than their actual age. Fine motor skills are one of the most crucial developing areas for an Occupational Therapist. According to Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development children have to go through sequentially. A child can not get to the next stage with skipping the stage prior to it. A child can not go backwards through the stages. These stages are very concrete and leave a child not much wiggle room. Relating Cognitive Development to Occupational Therapy As an Occupational Therapist in the school setting, I will be working with students with disabilities. It is important to understand what cognitive level these students are on, where they should be, and how to get them there. Occupational therapists are experts on determining how cognitive deficits can impact everyday activities and social interactions. OT’s have a broad background of knowledge in neurology as well as neuroanatomy which helps them to understand the impact of the brain disorder on deficits. Occupational therapists have the skills necessary to assess cognitive aspects of functional activities and come up with an intervention plan. Piaget's Theory is handy for practioners working with children because it is concrete and simple. Since children can not skip a stage or fluctuate around the chart it is easy to know exactly the stage they are in and what is expected of them. This comes in handy to an Occupational Therapist when setting goals for students to reach because you can decide on realistic goals for the child. Relating Cognitive Development back to me When I was younger my mom would always tell me to stop talking to myself. I would always be extremely puzzled because I didn't think that I was talking out loud. Turns out, this is common and I was using private speech. Now, that I am older and have a little brother who is seven he does the same thing. When he is playing video games or action figures he is constantly walking us through play by play of what is going on in his game and in his head. We will always tell him to quiet down if we are out in public and he will reply the same way I did as a child and say, "I am not talking out loud, I am talking to myself." Citations: Boles, J. (2014). Cognitive Development. In Winsor, D., Murrell, V.S., & Magun-Jackson, S. (Eds.) Lifespan Development: An Educational Psychology Perspective (2nd ed)(Chapter 5). There are three different types of parenting styles that are based off the demandingness and responsiveness the child receives. Demandingness and responsiveness has to do with the expectations the parent has on the child and their behavior. click link below to see the different types of parenting styles
https://youtu.be/czcfM77QX0k Relating Parenting Styles Back to Me Growing up my mom was an authoritative parent. She has high expectations for me and and expects nothing less than the best however, she supports me in whatever I chose to do. My mom listens to what I have to say and gives me the opportunity to question things. I am really glad I had a parent who let me have my own voice and gave me the chance to develop my own opinions on things. My father had a different parenting style. He was neglectful and never around. When I did get to see him he was more of an authoritarian parent. I couldn't question what he told me to do. It was his way or no way. Relating Parenting Styles to Occupational Therapy As a school based occupational therapist it will be very important for me to recognize that different styles of parenting may be associated with different outcomes in a pediatric OT setting. Generally the authoritative style is linked to positive behaviors such as strong self-esteem. Research has proven repeatedly that parenting styles have a pretty strong correlation with how children will abide by the rules in society. Therefore, it is important for me as an OT to analyze the different parenting styles, their effects, and what works best for them and their child to set long term goals in occupational therapy.
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